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ISC2 SSCP Exam Questions

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ISC2 SSCP Practice Test Questions ( Updated) – Real Exam Questions & Dumps PDF

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ISC2 SSCP Sample Questions – Free Practice Test & Real Exam Prep

Question #1

Which of the following is NOT a property of the Rijndael block cipher algorithm?

  • A. The key sizes must be a multiple of 32 bits
  • B. Maximum block size is 256 bits
  • C. Maximum key size is 512 bits
  • D. The key size does not have to match the block size
Answer: C
Explanation:
The above statement is NOT true and thus the correct answer. The maximum key size on Rijndael
is 256 bits.
There are some differences between Rijndael and the official FIPS-197 specification for AES.
Rijndael specification per se is specified with block and key sizes that must be a multiple of 32
bits, both with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits. Namely, Rijndael allows for both key
and block sizes to be chosen independently from the set of { 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 } bits. (And
the key size does not in fact have to match the block size).
However, FIPS-197 specifies that the block size must always be 128 bits in AES, and that the key
size may be either 128, 192, or 256 bits. Therefore AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 are actually:
Key Size (bits) Block Size (bits)
AES-128 128 128
AES-192 192 128
AES-256 256 128
So in short:
Rijndael and AES differ only in the range of supported values for the block length and cipher key
length.
For Rijndael, the block length and the key length can be independently specified to any multiple of
32 bits, with a minimum of 128 bits, and a maximum of 256 bits.
AES fixes the block length to 128 bits, and supports key lengths of 128, 192 or 256 bits only.
References used for this question:
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/shawnfa/archive/2006/10/09/the-differences-between-rijndael-andaes.aspx
and
http://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/aes/rijndael/Rijndael.pdf
Question #2

What principle focuses on the uniqueness of separate objects that must be joined together toperform a task? It is sometimes referred to as “what each must bring” and joined together whengetting access or decrypting a file. Each of which does not reveal the other?

  • A. Dual control
  • B. Separation of duties
  • C. Split knowledge
  • D. Need to know
Answer: C
Explanation:
Split knowledge involves encryption keys being separated into two components, each of which
does not reveal the other. Split knowledge is the other complementary access control principle to
dual control.
In cryptographic terms, one could say dual control and split knowledge are properly implemented if
no one person has access to or knowledge of the content of the complete cryptographic key being
protected by the two rocesses.
The sound implementation of dual control and split knowledge in a cryptographic environment
necessarily means that the quickest way to break the key would be through the best attack known
for the algorithm of that key. The principles of dual control and split knowledge primarily apply to
access to plaintext keys.
Access to cryptographic keys used for encrypting and decrypting data or access to keys that are
encrypted under a master key (which may or may not be maintained under dual control and split
knowledge) do not require dual control and split knowledge. Dual control and split knowledge can
be summed up as the determination of any part of a key being protected must require the collusion
between two or more persons with each supplying unique cryptographic materials that must be
joined together to access the protected key.
Any feasible method to violate the axiom means that the principles of dual control and split
knowledge are not being upheld.
Split knowledge is the unique “what each must bring” and joined together when implementing dual
control. To illustrate, a box containing petty cash is secured by one combination lock and one
keyed lock. One employee is given the combination to the combo lock and another employee has
possession of the correct key to the keyed lock.
In order to get the cash out of the box both employees must be present at the cash box at the
same time. One cannot open the box without the other. This is the aspect of dual control.
On the other hand, split knowledge is exemplified here by the different objects (the combination to
the combo lock and the correct physical key), both of which are unique and necessary, that each
brings to the meeting. Split knowledge focuses on the uniqueness of separate objects that must be
joined together.
Dual control has to do with forcing the collusion of at least two or more persons to combine their
split knowledge to gain access to an asset. Both split knowledge and dual control complement
each other and are necessary functions that implement the segregation of duties in high integrity
cryptographic environments.
The following are incorrect answers:
Dual control is a procedure that uses two or more entities (usually persons) operating in concert to
protect a system resource, such that no single entity acting alone can access that resource. Dual
control is implemented as a security procedure that requires two or more persons to come
together and collude to complete a process. In a cryptographic system the two (or more) persons
would each supply a unique key, that when taken together, performs a cryptographic process.
Split knowledge is the other complementary access control principle to dual control.
Separation of duties - The practice of dividing the steps in a system function among different
individuals, so as to keep a single individual from subverting the process.
The need-to-know principle requires a user having necessity for access to, knowledge of, or
possession of specific information required to perform official tasks or services.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition :
Cryptography (Kindle Locations 1621-1635). . Kindle Edition.
and
Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition :
Cryptography (Kindle Locations 1643-1650). . Kindle Edition.
and
Shon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th Edition , page 126
Question #3

Which of the following is a symmetric encryption algorithm?

  • A. RSA
  • B. Elliptic Curve
  • C. RC5
  • D. El Gamal
Answer: C
Explanation:
RC5 is a symmetric encryption algorithm. It is a block cipher of variable block length, encrypts
through integer addition, the application of a bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR), and variable rotations.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten
Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 153).
Question #4

What level of assurance for a digital certificate verifies a user's name, address, social securitynumber, and other information against a credit bureau database?

  • A. Level 1/Class 1
  • B. Level 2/Class 2
  • C. Level 3/Class 3
  • D. Level 4/Class 4
Answer: B
Explanation:
Users can obtain certificates with various levels of assurance. Here is a list that describe each of
them:
- Class 1/Level 1 for individuals, intended for email, no proof of identity
For example, level 1 certificates verify electronic mail addresses. This is done through the use of a
personal information number that a user would supply when asked to register. This level of
certificate may also provide a name as well as an electronic mail address; however, it may or may
not be a genuine name (i.e., it could be an alias). This proves that a human being will reply back if
you send an email to that name or email address.
- Class 2/Level 2 is for organizations and companies for which proof of identity is required
Level 2 certificates verify a user's name, address, social security number, and other information
against a credit bureau database.
- Class 3/Level 3 is for servers and software signing, for which independent verification and
checking of identity and authority is done by the issuing certificate authority
Level 3 certificates are available to companies. This level of certificate provides photo identification
to accompany the other items of information provided by a level 2 certificate.
- Class 4 for online business transactions between companies
- Class 5 for private organizations or governmental security
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_certificate veriSign introduced the concept of classes of digital
certificates:
Also see:
Source: TIPTON, Harold F. & KRAUSE, Micki, Information Security Management Handbook, 4th
edition (volume 1), 2000, CRC Press, Chapter 3, Secured Connections to External Networks
(page 54).
Question #5

What algorithm has been selected as the AES algorithm, replacing the DES algorithm?

  • A. RC6
  • B. Twofish
  • C. Rijndael
  • D. Blowfish
Answer: C
Explanation:
On October 2, 2000, NIST announced the selection of the Rijndael Block Cipher, developed by the
Belgian cryptographers Dr. Joan Daemen and Dr. Vincent Rijmen, as the proposed AES
algorithm. Twofish and RC6 were also candidates. Blowfish is also a symmetric algorithm but
wasn't a finalist for a replacement for DES.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten
Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 152).
Question #6

Which of the following statements pertaining to block ciphers is incorrect?

  • A. It operates on fixed-size blocks of plaintext.
  • B. It is more suitable for software than hardware implementations.
  • C. Plain text is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key.
  • D. Some Block ciphers can operate internally as a stream.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Block ciphers do not use public cryptography (private and public keys).
Block ciphers is a type of symmetric-key encryption algorithm that transforms a fixed-size block of
plaintext (unencrypted text) data into a block of ciphertext (encrypted text) data of the same length.
They are appropriate for software implementations and can operate internally as a stream. See
more info below about DES in Output Feedback Mode (OFB), which makes use internally of a
stream cipher.
The output feedback (OFB) mode makes a block cipher into a synchronous stream cipher. It
generates keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext.
Just as with other stream ciphers, flipping a bit in the ciphertext produces a flipped bit in the
plaintext at the same location. This property allows many error correcting codes to function
normally even when applied before encryption.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Wikipedia on Block Cipher mode at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
and
http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip81.htm
Question #7

What can be defined as secret communications where the very existence of the message is hidden?

  • A. Clustering
  • B. Steganography
  • C. Cryptology
  • D. Vernam cipher
Answer: B
Explanation:
Steganography is a secret communication where the very existence of the message is hidden. For
example, in a digital image, the least significant bit of each word can be used to comprise a
message without causing any significant change in the image. Key clustering is a situation in
which a plaintext message generates identical ciphertext messages using the same transformation
algorithm but with different keys. Cryptology encompasses cryptography and cryptanalysis. The
Vernam Cipher, also called a one-time pad, is an encryption scheme using a random key of the
same size as the message and is used only once. It is said to be unbreakable, even with infinite
resources.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten
Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 134).
Question #8

Which of the following BEST describes a function relying on a shared secret key that is used alongwith a hashing algorithm to verify the integrity of the communication content as well as the sender?

  • A. Message Authentication Code - MAC
  • B. PAM - Pluggable Authentication Module
  • C. NAM - Negative Acknowledgement Message
  • D. Digital Signature Certificate
Answer: A
Explanation:
The purpose of a message authentication code - MAC is to verify both the source and message
integrity without the need for additional processes.
A MAC algorithm, sometimes called a keyed (cryptographic) hash function (however,
cryptographic hash function is only one of the possible ways to generate MACs), accepts as input
a secret key and an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC (sometimes
known as a tag). The MAC value protects both a message's data integrity as well as its
authenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the
message content.
MACs differ from digital signatures as MAC values are both generated and verified using the same
secret key. This implies that the sender and receiver of a message must agree on the same key
before initiating communications, as is the case with symmetric encryption. For the same reason,
MACs do not provide the property of non-repudiation offered by signatures specifically in the case
of a network-wide shared secret key: any user who can verify a MAC is also capable of generating
MACs for other messages.
In contrast, a digital signature is generated using the private key of a key pair, which is asymmetric
encryption. Since this private key is only accessible to its holder, a digital signature proves that a
document was signed by none other than that holder. Thus, digital signatures do offer nonrepudiation.
The following answers are incorrect:
PAM - Pluggable Authentication Module: This isn't the right answer. There is no known message
authentication function called a PAM. However, a pluggable authentication module (PAM) is a
mechanism to integrate multiple low-level authentication schemes and commonly used within the
Linux Operating System.
NAM - Negative Acknowledgement Message: This isn't the right answer. There is no known
message authentication function called a NAM. The proper term for a negative acknowledgement
is NAK, it is a signal used in digital communications to ensure that data is received with a
minimum of errors.
Digital Signature Certificate: This isn't right. As it is explained and contrasted in the explanations
provided above.
The following reference(s) was used to create this question:
The CCCure Computer Based Tutorial for Security+, you can subscribe at http://www.cccure.tv
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication_code
Question #9

What uses a key of the same length as the message where each bit or character from the plaintext is encrypted by a modular addition?

  • A. Running key cipher
  • B. One-time pad
  • C. Steganography
  • D. Cipher block chaining
Answer: B
Explanation:
In cryptography, the one-time pad (OTP) is a type of encryption that is impossible to crack if used
correctly. Each bit or character from the plaintext is encrypted by a modular addition with a bit or
character from a secret random key (or pad) of the same length as the plaintext, resulting in a
ciphertext. If the key is truly random, at least as long as the plaintext, never reused in whole or
part, and kept secret, the ciphertext will be impossible to decrypt or break without knowing the key.
It has also been proven that any cipher with the perfect secrecy property must use keys with
effectively the same requirements as OTP keys. However, practical problems have prevented onetime pads from being widely used.
First described by Frank Miller in 1882, the one-time pad was re-invented in 1917 and patented a
couple of years later. It is derived from the Vernam cipher, named after Gilbert Vernam, one of its
inventors. Vernam's system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from a
punched tape. In its original form, Vernam's system was vulnerable because the key tape was a
loop, which was reused whenever the loop made a full cycle. One-time use came a little later
when Joseph Mauborgne recognized that if the key tape were totally random, cryptanalysis would
be impossible.
The "pad" part of the name comes from early implementations where the key material was
distributed as a pad of paper, so the top sheet could be easily torn off and destroyed after use. For
easy concealment, the pad was sometimes reduced to such a small size that a powerful
magnifying glass was required to use it. Photos show captured KGB pads that fit in the palm of
one's hand, or in a walnut shell. To increase security, one-time pads were sometimes printed onto
sheets of highly flammable nitrocellulose so they could be quickly burned.
The following are incorrect answers:
A running key cipher uses articles in the physical world rather than an electronic algorithm. In
classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in
which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long keystream. Usually, the book to
be used would be agreed ahead of time, while the passage to use would be chosen randomly for
each message and secretly indicated somewhere in the message.
The Running Key cipher has the same internal workings as the Vigenere cipher. The difference
lies in how the key is chosen; the Vigenere cipher uses a short key that repeats, whereas the
running key cipher uses a long key such as an excerpt from a book. This means the key does not
repeat, making cryptanalysis more difficult. The cipher can still be broken though, as there are
statistical patterns in both the key and the plaintext which can be exploited.
Steganography is a method where the very existence of the message is concealed. It is the art
and science of encoding hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender and
intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message. it is sometimes referred to as Hiding in
Plain Sight.
Cipher block chaining is a DES operating mode. IBM invented the cipher-block chaining (CBC)
mode of operation in 1976. In CBC mode, each block of plaintext is XORed with the previous
ciphertext block before being encrypted. This way, each ciphertext block depends on all plaintext
blocks processed up to that point. To make each message unique, an initialization vector must be
used in the first block.
Reference(s) used for this question:
HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter
8: Cryptography (page 555).
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_pad
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_key_cipher
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_block_chaining#Cipher-block_chaining_.28CBC.29
Question #10

Which of the following is true about link encryption?

  • A. Each entity has a common key with the destination node.
  • B. Encrypted messages are only decrypted by the final node.
  • C. This mode does not provide protection if anyone of the nodes along the transmission path is compromised.
  • D. Only secure nodes are used in this type of transmission.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In link encryption, each entity has keys in common with its two neighboring nodes in the
transmission chain.
Thus, a node receives the encrypted message from its predecessor, decrypts it, and then re773
encrypts it with a new key, common to the successor node. Obviously, this mode does not provide
protection if anyone of the nodes along the transmission path is compromised.
Encryption can be performed at different communication levels, each with different types of
protection and implications. Two general modes of encryption implementation are link encryption
and end-to-end encryption.
Link encryption encrypts all the data along a specific communication path, as in a satellite link, T3
line, or telephone circuit. Not only is the user information encrypted, but the header, trailers,
addresses, and routing data that are part of the packets are also encrypted. The only traffic not
encrypted in this technology is the data link control messaging information, which includes
instructions and parameters that the different link devices use to synchronize communication
methods. Link encryption provides protection against packet sniffers and eavesdroppers.
In end-to-end encryption, the headers, addresses, routing, and trailer information are not
encrypted, enabling attackers to learn more about a captured packet and where it is headed.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (pp. 845-846). McGraw-Hill.
And:
KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of
Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 132).

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